Earth History and Geologic Time

a)

Our solar system took a long time to form, 4.6 billion years ago. Our system formed just like all the other systems in the universe, from a nebula. A nebula is a cloud of gas/dust gives birth to stars. As a nebula collapses on itself, from a disturbance like a supernova explosion, it begins to heat up in the center and compress, this takes about 100,000 years (1, 2). After this it begins to cool slightly and form a star (1). As the energy begins to cool around it partials, like rocks and ice, start to revolve around the star. The partials begin to collide to form larger partials some the size of boulders or asteroids (1). Some of these boulders are big enough to have a gravitational pull and begin to pull particles in by toward it, making it bigger (1). This takes about 100 million years after the nebula has cooled, then another 100 million to form into around 10 or so planets revolving around a star (1).

b)

Many events let to the creation of the earth we know today. Earth formed roughly 4.57 billion years ago, this was also about the time our moon formed (3). Then about 3.9-2.5 simple life forms like bacteria and algae began to form on Earth, releasing oxygen into our atmosphere (4). Oxygen continued to build in our atmosphere and more life forms began to form (2.5 million to .5 million) (4).

c)

Index Fossils can be used to determine time sequences. Depending on the layer of the rock and the rock/fossil observed they can determine the age of the fossil and other things about earth’s history (5, 6). The farther down in the earth’s crust the fossil/rock is the older the fossils is (5).



Bibliography

a)

1)      http://nineplanets.org/origin.html

2)      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System

b)

3)      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale

4)      http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/Geologictime.html

c)

5)      http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/BarBar.html

6)  http://www.ehow.com/about_5097857_index-fossils-used.html

The Earth in Space

a)

Earth is a very small part of our universe. Earth is part of a solar system which is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. Our solar system moves around center Milky Way at 217.215 Km/s (1). Our solar system also moves up and down at 7 km/s and 20 km/s toward the center of the center of the Milky Way galaxy (1). It takes 226 million years for our solar system to do a complete cycle around the Milky Way (1). The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. The universe is about 13.73 billion years old (2).

b)

The Big Bang is a Theory on the formation of the universe. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe was incredibly small, smaller in a pore on skin (3), but it very density and temperature (3). It began to expand, spreading across space. Before this people thought the universe was fix size (3). The universe continues to expand to this day (3, 4).

c)

Cosmic Microwave Background helped us determine the age of the universe. Cosmic Microwave Background was discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (5). They noticed under radio telescope that space has a faint glow from radiation (5). Back to the question cosmic microwave background helps us determine the age because the CMB radiation has emitted before the galaxy and stars were created. CMB radiation was emitted from the big bang only few hundred thousand years after it happened. Studying when the radiation was emitted from the big bang can determine the age of universe.

Bibliography

a.

1) http://biocab.org/coplanarity_solar_system_and_galaxy.html#anchor_21

info

2) http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/

info

b.

3) http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/BigBang/BigBang.htm

info

4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

info

c.

5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation

info

6) http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.html

info

Space Object PP link

https://docs.google.com/present/edit?id=0AXsBmTjUbQf0ZDdnZ21uYl82N3NnZzVyY2Y&hl=en&authkey=CLqzmPgG

Bad Astronomy Post

In our class we watched Deep Impact. We were to write down notes which were factual or wrong in the movie. I thought that the Sun would burn your eyes if you didn't have protection, I was right in that it would hurt your eyes if you didn't have some type of protection, like the astronaut in the movie, but a moment of exposure would not have burned his face as bad as it did in the movie. A fact they had in the movie that I thought was wrong was that they can walk on the comet, and i was right. You would only weight 12 grams, You would fly off the comet by just running. A factual thing they said in the movie was about the stars they were observing, Mizar and Alcor which are actual stars. A non-factual thing was in the end the exploded the second comet, one you cant explode a comet with a few atomic bombs, it would take 100s just to maybe move it a faction if that. Also say they did explode the comet the kinetic energy from the comet would destroy the atmosphere.
The article I read was All the Stars are White. I kinda knew stars were different colors. It was interesting to read how they could be all colors of the rainbow depending on the heat of the star. Really hot stars are mostly blue. And cooler stars are mostly red. It was interesting to read.

Connection of Green Book Labs

    In Activity 1 we tested how quickly temperatures in dark soil, light soil, and water heat and cool. The test showed that the temperature of water heated slowly and cooled slowly. The soils heated and cooled quickly, light soil heated and cooled slightly faster.
    In Activity 4 we tested how the atmosphere affect the land and water. The bottles without an atmosphere seemed to heat faster then those with an atmosphere. Also it seemed that the bottles with an atmosphere seemed to stay near 25 degrees C.
    These labs show the difference between land and water. And the affect our atmosphere has on our Climate. This affects my climate project because as wind and climate change affect cloud pattern. And different clouds in the sky can be used to predict rain and other weather conditions.

Climate Change

Climate of the world is increasing do to increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases. After the industrial revolution Co2 from factory's increase drastically. CO2 is increasing faster then trees and other plant can take out. The climate has increased by 1 degree Fahrenheit which is a lot considering that there was only a 9 degree difference between now and the last ice age.

www.edf.org, The Basics of Global Warming, Environmental Defence Fund, Jan 29 2009

Climate's temperature is increasing around the world. In the past 100 years the temperature has increased from 1.2 to 1.4 degrees F. The 8 warmest years (since 1850) have all occurred since 1998. With our current  CO2 emotions its believed that by the end of the century that the temperatures will increase by 3.2-7.2 degrees.

www.epa.gov, Basic Information [ Climate Change, Environmental Protection Agency, May 20 2010

Sewer Treatment/Recycling

Here's what I learned when we went to the sewer treatment plant. I learned that our plant can process 33 million gallons of water each day. Normally they only need to process a fraction of that, but during months where there is more rain, like in the spring, they may be closer to the 33 million gallon limit. First they take out all the solids that might end up in sewage, like toys, plastics, etc. Then they put the sewage in tanks that have bacteria that will eat that sewage. After the bacteria eat the sewage and they remove the bacteria the water is place back into that river.

Recycling is a good way to reuse our resources. Most people might throw out plastics and other things that should go to recycling. Plastics when thrown out harm the environment and stay in land fill for years. While if it had gone to be recycled it would have been used again and also not harmed that environment.

City Talk

1. Mrs. Birerley, she was a project manger for Eaton Rapids

2. With the new water filters (which we didn't have before now) water gets filtered and put into the rivers, we have to clean the filters every 10 years but it keeps our rivers cleaner.

3. It filters out the oil and other pollutants that get our roads that would normally end up in the rivers and lakes.

4. It would filter out phosphates (that are in soap and other household products) and will lower the overgrowth of aquatic plants in our waters.

5. I didn't fully know what they were doing on main street so I thought the filters were interesting

6. my bio bottle is doing good, a lot of grass is growing.

7. We are doing pollution of water.

8. We have just started on our Lexus project...

Lexus challenge

https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=0AaurTi-dELRHZGR4amIyOG1fMGd2cXR4N2Q2&hl=en

Water Testing Connection

My groups topic is water pollution. We are researching the affects things like fertilizer and other chemicals have on our rivers and lakes. Our group is trying to increase the awareness of our products effect on the environment. If we can increase awareness people would recycle there chemicals instead of throwing them in the trash. Also people might use more environmently friendly products.
With our bio-bottles we are trying to test the effects of chemicals. Our groups is testing fertilizer and ph levels in our bio-bottles. Bio-bottles are a great way to test the effects chemicals have because its a compact eco system, It has plant/life, air, dirt, and water.
At the river test we had to test phosphates. Feritizer has a lot of phosphates, so do other chemicals around a common household. Many chemicals we use eventally get to our rivers and water we drink (normally its processed out befor we drink it). The river testing should tell us how much chemicals are in our water. If theirs too much chemicals in our water it will kill wild life in our water.

Water Plant

Yesterday my class went to water treatment plant in our town. The water plant processes the water we drink in cities. We learned that we had 6 wells, 3 gravel wells and 3 rock wells. Gravel wells are wells that are 60 feet deep in the ground. Rock wells are wells that are 300 ft deep. Gravel wells refill a lot quicker then rock since rock wells take 1000s of years to refill, while Gravel wells take 50 years to refill. Gravel wells need to be tested often to make sure nothing toxic in the water. Our town has 38 miles of piping running through our town. Our town tests water more often then it has to, by state law, to make sure our water is clean. This is what I learned yesterday and the water treatment plant.

Water Treatment

In cities, water is treated before it come to your houses. Our water comes from wells undergrounds, then the water is treated with chlorine, iron is removed, and fluoride is added (  http://www.ci.eaton-rapids.mi.us/documents/2009CCR_000.pdf  ). Water is treated with chlorine to remove pollinates like viruses/bacterias, oils, gases, and other chemicals in the water. And fluoride is added for dental benefits. This is how water is treated. Sewer water is also treated before it put back in the rivers. They need to do this because chemicals from the road (like oil) and other chemicals would have a harmful affect on the Eco system.

Why is chlorine added to the water?

What is removed from the water?

Carbon Footprint

http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/    I found it to be a good site for calculating carbon footprint, id say that even for younger kids. My carbon footprint was 21 ton of CO2. 3 ways i could lower my carbon footprint would be using less hot water, more energy efferent appliances/bulbs, use A/C less often. 3 things our schools can lower carbon footprint by encouraging more kids to ride the bus or carpool, use solar/wind energy, and more energy efferent bulbs. 3 things our community can do to lower carbon footprint is to encourage more people to recycle (or even start collecting recycling), encourage more people to walk/bike/carpool, solar/hydro/wind energy. How all the connects to the water plant is all the Carbon and other waste we use gets into our rivers and lakes. We have to start thinking of what affects this will have on future of our water supplies and the temperature of the earth.